{"id":58684,"date":"2020-10-01T10:48:16","date_gmt":"2020-10-01T08:48:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/"},"modified":"2022-09-19T10:21:27","modified_gmt":"2022-09-19T08:21:27","slug":"are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"intro\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p><em><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">by\u00a0 Dr. Inge Heinzl, EW Nutrition<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Impaired health status of the animals in stressful situations or an aggravation of the disease after antibiotic treatment? The culprit might be <a href=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/endotoxin-management\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">endotoxins<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-56875\" src=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"854\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-2023x1440.jpg 2023w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-150x107.jpg 150w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-120x85.jpg 120w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-36x26.jpg 36w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-225x160.jpg 225w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-80x57.jpg 80w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-48x34.jpg 48w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-64x46.jpg 64w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-28x20.jpg 28w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/e.coli-shutterstock_133011722-757x539.jpg 757w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h1>What are endotoxins?<\/h1>\n<h2>Origin<\/h2>\n<p>Endotoxins, together with exotoxins, are <a href=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/animal-nutrition\/challenges\/toxin-risk-management\/\">bacterial toxins<\/a>. In contrast to exotoxins, which are actively secreted by living bacteria, endotoxins (name \u201cendotoxin\u201d greek; endo = inside; toxin = poison) are components of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). They are only released in case of<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>bacterial death due to effective host defense mechanism or activities of certain antibiotics<\/li>\n<li>bacterial growth (shedding) (Todar, 2008-2012)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-100849 size-us_920_539 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-920x441.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"920\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-920x441.png 920w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-150x72.png 150w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-120x58.png 120w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-36x17.png 36w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-225x108.png 225w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-80x38.png 80w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-48x23.png 48w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-64x31.png 64w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min-28x13.png 28w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lipid-and-endotoxin-metabolism-min.png 1107w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u00a0The location of endotoxins within the bacterial cell \u00a9 Prof. Dr. med. Marina A. Freudenberg\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Structure<\/h2>\n<p>Biochemically, endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS). They are composed of a relatively uniform lipid fraction (Lipid A) and a species-specific polysaccharides chain. Their toxicity is mainly due to the lipid A; the polysaccharide part modifies their activity. Unlike the bacteria, their endotoxins are very heat stable and resist sterilization. The names endotoxin and lipopolysaccharides are used synonymously with \u201cendotoxin\u201d emphasizing on the occurrence and biological activity and \u201clipopolysaccharide\u201d on the chemical structure (Hurley, 1995).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-100913 size-us_920_539 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-920x531.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"920\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-920x531.png 920w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-150x87.png 150w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-120x69.png 120w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-36x21.png 36w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-225x130.png 225w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-80x46.png 80w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-48x28.png 48w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-64x37.png 64w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min-28x16.png 28w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-structure-min.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">General structure of Gram-negative lipopolysaccharides (according to Erridge et al., 2002)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Impact<\/h2>\n<p>Endotoxins belong to the so-called pyrogen-agents (they provoke fever), activating several immunocompetent cells\u2019 signaling pathways. Early contact with endotoxins leads to activation and maturation of the acquired immune system. Braun-Fahrl\u00e4nder and co-workers (2002) found that children exposed to endotoxins had fewer problems with hay fever, atopic asthma, and atopic sensitization. This might be an explanation that in human populations, after the elevation of the hygiene standards, an increase of allergies could be observed.<\/p>\n<p>Different animal species show different sensibilities to endotoxin infusions, e.g. (healthy) dogs, rats, mice, hens tolerate concentrations \u22651mg \/ kg body weight, whereas (healthy) ruminants, pigs, horses react very sensible already at concentrations &lt;5\u03bcg \/ kg body weight (Olson et al., 1995 cited in Wilken, 2003).<\/p>\n<h2>Reasons for increased exposure of the organism to endotoxins<\/h2>\n<p>Endotoxins usually occur in the gut, as the microflora also contains gram-negative bacteria. The precondition for endotoxins to be harmful is their presence in the bloodstream. In the bloodstream, low levels of endotoxins can still be handled by the immune defense, higher levels can get critical. An increase of endotoxins in the organism results from higher input and\/or lower clearance or detoxification rate.<\/p>\n<h3>Higher input of endotoxins into the organism<\/h3>\n<p>The \u201cnormal\u201d small amounts of endotoxins arising in the gut due to regular bacterial activity and translocated to the organism have no negative impact as long as the liver performs its clearance function. Also, the endotoxins stored in the adipose tissue are not problematic. However, some factors can lead to a release of the endotoxins or translocation of endotoxins into the organism:<\/p>\n<h4>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Stress<\/h4>\n<p>Stress situations such as parturition, surgeries, injuries can lead to ischemia in the intestinal tract and translocation of endotoxins into the organism (Kr\u00fcger, 1997). Other stress situations in animal production, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/heat-stress-in-poultry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">high temperatures<\/a> and high stocking densities, contribute to higher endotoxin levels in the bloodstream. Stress leads to a higher metabolic demand for water, sodium, and energy-rich substances. For a higher availability of these substances, the intestinal barrier\u2019s permeability is increased, possibly leading to a higher translocation of bacteria and their toxins into the bloodstream.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Higher levels of endotoxins in pigs in an experimental study suffering from stress due to loading and transport, elevated temperatures (Seidler (1998) cited in Wilken (2003)).<\/li>\n<li>Marathon runners (Brock-Utne et al., 1988) and racing horses (Baker et al., 1988) also showed higher endotoxin concentrations in the blood proportional to the running stress; thus, trained horses showed lower concentrations than untrained.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lipolysis for energy mobilization<\/h4>\n<p>If endotoxins, due to continuous stress, consistently get into the bloodstream, they can be stored in the adipose tissue. The SR-B1 (Scavenger receptor B1, a membrane receptor belonging to the group of pattern recognition receptors) binds to lipids and the lipopolysaccharides, probably promoting the incorporation of LPS in chylomicrons. Transferred from the chylomicrons to other lipoproteins, the LPS finally arrives in the adipose tissue (Hersoug et al., 2016). The mobilization of energy by lipolysis e.g., during the beginning of lactation, for example, leads to a re-input of endotoxins into the bloodstream.<\/p>\n<h4>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Damage of the gut barrier<\/h4>\n<p>In normal conditions, due to bacterial activity, endotoxins are present in the gut. Damage of the gut barrier allows translocation of these endotoxins (and bacteria) \u00a0into the bloodstream.<\/p>\n<h4>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Destruction of Gram-negative bacteria<\/h4>\n<p>Another \u201csource\u201d for endotoxins is the destruction of the bacteria. This can be done on the one hand by the organism\u2019s immune system or by treatment with bactericidal substances targeting gram- bacteria (Kastner, 2002). To prevent an increased release of endotoxins, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, a treatment with bacteriostatic substances only inhibiting the growth and not destroying the bacteria, or with bactericidal in combination with LPS-binding agents, would be a better alternative (Brandenburg, 2014).<\/p>\n<h4>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Proliferation of gram-negative bacteria<\/h4>\n<p>As gram-negative bacteria also release small amounts of endotoxins when they grow, everything promoting their proliferation also leads to an increase of endotoxins:<\/p>\n<h5>Imbalanced feeding<\/h5>\n<p>High yielder cows e.g., are fed diets rich in starch, fat, and protein. Increased feeding of fat leads to a higher concentration of endotoxins in the organism, as the same \u201ctransporter\u201d (scavenger receptor class B type 1, SR-BI) can be used (Hersoug et al., 2016) for the absorption of fat as well as for the absorption of endotoxins.<\/p>\n<p>In a study with humans as representors of the monogastric species, Deopurkar and co-workers gave three different drinks (glucose \u2013 100% carbohydrate, orange juice \u2013 92% carbohydrate, and cream &#8211; 100% fat) to healthy participants. Only the cream drink increased the level of lipopolysaccharides in the plasma.<\/p>\n<h5>Infectious diseases<\/h5>\n<p>Infectious diseases like mastitis, metritis, and other infections caused by gram-bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, etc. can be regarded as sources of endotoxin release.<\/p>\n<h3>Decreased detoxification or degradation<\/h3>\n<p>Main responsible organ: the liver<\/p>\n<p>Task: detoxification and degradation of translocated endotoxin. The liver produces substances such as lipopolysaccharide binding proteins (LBP) which are necessary for binding and neutralizing lipopolysaccharide structures.<\/p>\n<p>During the post-partum period, the organism is in a catabolic phase, and lipolysis is remarkably increased for energy generation due to milk production. Increased lipolysis leads, as mentioned before, to a release of endotoxins out of the adipose tissue but also fatty degeneration of the liver. A fatty degenerated liver cannot bring the same performance in endotoxin clearance than a normal liver (Andersen, 2003; Andersen et al., 1996; Harte et al., 2010; Wilken, 2003). \u00a0In a study conducted by Andersen and co-workers (1996), they couldn\u2019t achieve complete clearance of endotoxins in cows with fatty livers. The occurrence of hepatic lipidoses increases after parturition (Reid and Roberts, 1993; Wilken, 2003).<\/p>\n<p>Also, other diseases of the liver influence endotoxin clearance in the liver. Hanslin and co-workers (2019) found an impaired endotoxin elimination in pigs with pre-existing systemic inflammatory response syndrome.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-100881 size-us_920_539 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-920x539.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"920\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-920x539.png 920w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-150x88.png 150w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-120x70.png 120w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-36x21.png 36w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-225x132.png 225w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-80x47.png 80w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-48x28.png 48w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-64x38.png 64w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min-28x16.png 28w, https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/lps-endotoxins-min.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 920px) 100vw, 920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Relation between lipid metabolism and endotoxin metabolism (according to F\u00fcrll, 2000, cited in Wilken, 2003)<\/span> <\/em><\/p>\n<h1>Issues caused by endotoxins<\/h1>\n<p>Endotoxins, on the one hand, can positively stimulate the immune system when occurring in small amounts (Sampath, 2018). According to McAleer and Vella (2008), lipopolysaccharides are used as natural adjuvants to strengthen immune reaction in case of vaccination by influencing CD4 T cell responses. On the other hand, they are involved in the development of severe issues like MMA-Complex (Pig Progress) or a septic shock (Sampath, 2018).<\/p>\n<h2>MMA Complex in sows<\/h2>\n<p>MMA in sows is a multi-factorial disease appearing shortly after farrowing (12 hours to three days), which is caused by different factors (pathogens such as E. coli, Klebsiella spps., Staph. spps. and Mycoplasma spps., but also stress, diet). MMA is also known as puerperal syndrome, puerperal septicemia, milk fever, or toxemia. The last name suggests that one of the factors intervening in the disease is bacterial endotoxins. During the perinatal phase, massive catabolism of fat takes place to support lactation. The sows often suffer from obstipation leading to higher permeability of the intestinal wall, with bacteria, respectively endotoxins being transferred into the bloodstream. Another \u201csource\u201d of endotoxins can be the udder, as the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria in the mammary glands is remarkable (Morkoc et al., 1983).<\/p>\n<p>The endotoxins can lead to an endocrine dysfunction: \u2191 Cortisol, \u2193 PGF2\u03b1, \u2193Prolactin, \u2193 Oxytocin. MMA stands for:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Mastitis, a bacterial infection of the udder.<\/p>\n<p>Mastitis can be provoked from two sides: on the one hand, endotoxemia leads to an elevation of cytokines (IL1, 6, TNF\u03b1). Lower Ca- and K-levels cause teat sphincter to be less functional, facilitating the entry of environmental pathogens into the udder and resulting in mastitis. On the other hand, \u00a0due to farrowing stress, Cortisol concentrations get higher. The resulting immunosuppression enables E. coli to proliferate in the udder.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Metritis, an infection of the uterus with vulvar discharges:<\/p>\n<p>It leads to reduced contractions and, therefore, to prolonged and\/or complicated farrowing or dead piglets. Metritis can be promoted by stress causing a decrease in oxytocin and prostaglandin F2\u03b1 secretion. Morkoc and co-workers (1983) didn\u2019t find a relation between metritis and endotoxins.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; Agalactia, a reduction or total loss of milk production:<\/p>\n<p>In many cases, agalactia is not detected until the nursing litter shows signs of hunger and\/or weight loss. At worst, the mortality rate in piglets increases. Probably, milk deficiency is caused by lower levels of the hormones involved in lactation. Prolactin levels e.g., may be dramatically reduced by small volumes of endotoxin (Smith and Wagner, 1984). The levels of oxytocin are often half those in normal sows (Pig Progress, 2020).<\/p>\n<h2>Endotoxin shock<\/h2>\n<p>A septic shock can be the response to the release of a high amount of endotoxins.<\/p>\n<p>In the case of an infection with gram-negative bacteria, the animals are treated with (often bactericidal) antibiotics. Also, the immune system is eliminating the bacteria. Due to bacterial death, endotoxins are massively released. When not bound, they activate the immune system including macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Consequently, high amounts of cellular mediators like TNF\u03b1, Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and leukotrienes are released. High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines activate the complement and coagulation cascade. In some animals, then the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes is stimulated, implicating high fever, decreased blood pressure, generation of thrombi in the blood, collapse, damaging several organs, and lethal (endotoxic) shock.<\/p>\n<p>Endotoxic shock only occurs to a few susceptible animals, although the whole herd may have been immune-stimulated. A more severe problem is the decrease in the normally strong piglets\u2019 performance, deviating resources from production to the immune system because of the endotoxemia.<\/p>\n<h2>Amplified diarrhea<\/h2>\n<p>Lipopolysaccharides lead to an augmented release of prostaglandins, which influence gastrointestinal functions. Together with leukotrienes and pro-inflammatory mediators within the mucosa, they reduce intestinal absorption (Munck et al., 1988; Chiossone et al., 1990) but also initiate a pro-secretory state in the intestine. Liang and co-workers (2005) observed a dose-dependent accumulation of abundant fluid in the small intestine resulting in increased diarrheagenic activity and a decreased gastrointestinal motility in rats.<\/p>\n<h1>Conclusion<\/h1>\n<p>Acting against Gram- bacteria can result in an even more severe issue \u2013 endotoxemia. Endotoxins, besides having a direct negative impact on the organism, also contribute to some diseases. Supporting gut health by different approaches, including the binding of <a href=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/all-products\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">toxins<\/a>, helps to keep animals healthy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<p>Andersen, P.H. \u201cBovine endotoxicosis \u2013 some aspects of relevance to production diseases. A review.\u201d <em>Acta vet. scand<\/em>. Suppl. 98 (2003): 141-155. DOI: 10.1186\/1751-0147-44-S1-P57<\/p>\n<p>Andersen, P.H., N. Jarl\u00f8v, M. Hesselholt, and L. B\u00e6k. \u201cStudies on in vivo Endotoxin Plasma Disappearance Times in Cattle.\u201d <em>Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Veterin\u00e4rmedizin<\/em>. Reihe A 43 no. 2(1996): 93-101. DOI: 10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1996.tb00432.x<\/p>\n<p>Baker, B., S.L. Gaffin, M. Wells, B.C. Wessels and J.G. Brock-Utne. \u201cEndotoxaemia in racehorses following exertion.\u201d <em>Journal of the South African Veterinary Association<\/em> June (1988): 63-66. https:\/\/journals.co.za\/docserver\/fulltext\/savet\/59\/2\/1341.pdf?expires=1598542211&amp;id=id&amp;accname=guest&amp;checksum=E50C766D318776E09CA41DA912F14CAD<\/p>\n<p>Beutler, B. and T. Rietschel. \u201cInnate immune sensing and its roots: The story of endotoxin.\u201d <em>Nature Reviews \/ Immunology<\/em> 3(2003): 169-176. DOI: 10.1038\/nri1004<\/p>\n<p>Brandenburg, K. \u201cKleines Molek\u00fcl \u2013 gro\u00dfe Hoffnung &#8211; Neue Behandlungsm\u00f6glichkeit gegen Blutvergiftung in Sicht.\u201c Newsletter 70 (Okt.); Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung (2014). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesundheitsforschung-bmbf.de\/de\/kleines-molekul-grosse-hoffnung-neue-behandlungsmoglichkeit-gegen-blutvergiftung-in-sicht-2716.php\">https:\/\/www.gesundheitsforschung-bmbf.de\/de\/kleines-molekul-grosse-hoffnung-neue-behandlungsmoglichkeit-gegen-blutvergiftung-in-sicht-2716.php<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Braun-Fahrl\u00e4nder, C., J. Riedler, U. Herz, W. Eder, M. Waser, L. Grize, S. Maisch, D. Carr, F. Gerlach, A. Bufe, R.P. Lauener, R. Schierl, H. Renz, D. Nowak and E. von Mutius. \u201eEnvironmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. \u201d<em>The New England Journal of Medicine <\/em>347 (2002): 869-877. DOI: 10.1056\/NEJMoa020057.<\/p>\n<p>Brock-Utne, J.G., S.L. Gaffin, M.T. Wells, P. Gathiram, E. Sohar, M.F. James, D.F. Morrel, and. R.J. Norman. \u201cEndotoxemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race.\u201d <em>South Afr. Med. J.<\/em> 73 (1988): 533-536. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/19780279_Endotoxaemia_in_exhausted_runners_after_a_long-distance_race\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/19780279_Endotoxaemia_in_exhausted_runners_after_a_long-distance_race<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Chiossone, D. C., P.L. Simon, P.L. Smith. \u201cInterleukin-1: effects on rabbit ileal mucosal ion transport in vitro.\u201d <em>European Journal of Pharmacology<\/em> 180 no. 2-3 (1990): 217\u2013228. DOI: 10.1016\/0014-2999(90)90305-P.<\/p>\n<p>Deopurkar R., H. Ghanim, J. Friedman, et al. \u201cDifferential effects of cream, glucose, and orange juice on inflammation, endotoxin, and the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3.\u201d <em>Diabetes care <\/em>33 no. 5 (2010):991\u2013997.<\/p>\n<p>Erridge, C., E. Bennett-Guerrero, and I.R. Poxton. \u201cStructure and function of lipopolysaccharides.\u201d <em>Microbes and Infection<\/em> 4 no. 8 (2002): 837-851. DOI: 10.1016\/s1286-4579(02)01604-0<\/p>\n<p>Fritsche, D. \u201cEndotoxinpromovierte bakterielle Translokationen und Besiedelung von Uterus und Euter beim Hochleistungsrind im peripartalen Zeitraum.\u201c Dissertation. Leipzig, Univ., Veterin\u00e4rmed. Fak. (1998)<\/p>\n<p>Hanslin, K., J. Sj\u00f6lin, P. Skorup, F. Wilske, R. Frithiof, A. Larsson, M. Castegren, E. Tano, and M. Lipcsey. \u201cThe impact of the systemic inflammatory response on hepatic bacterial elimination in experimental abdominal sepsis.\u201d Intensive Care Medicine Experimental 7 (2019): art. 52. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40635-019-0266-x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40635-019-0266-x<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Harte, A.L., N.F. da Silva, S.J. Creely, K.C. McGee, T. Billyard, E.M. Youssef-Elabd, G. Tripathi, E. Ashour, M.S. Abdalla, H.M. Sharada, A.I. Amin, A.D. Burt, S. Kumar, C.P. Day and P.G. McTernan. \u201cResearch Elevated endotoxin levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.\u201d <em>Journal of Inflammation<\/em> \u00a07 (2010): 15-24. DOI: 10.1186\/1476-9255-7-15<\/p>\n<p>Hersoug, L.-G., P. M\u00f8ller, and S. Loft. \u201cGut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide uptake and trafficking to adipose tissue: implications for inflammation and obesity.\u201d Obesity Reviews 17 (2016): 297\u2013312. DOI: 10.1111\/obr.12370<\/p>\n<p>Hurley, J. C. \u201cEndotoxemia: Methods of detection and clinical correlates.\u201d <em>Clin. Microbiol. Rev<\/em>. 8 (1995): 268\u2013292. DOI: 10.1128\/CMR.8.2.268<\/p>\n<p>Kastner, A. \u201cUntersuchungen zum Fettstoffwechsel und Endotoxin-Metabolismus bei Milchk\u00fchen vor dem Auftreten der Dislocatio abomasi.\u201c Inaug. Diss. Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, Veterin\u00e4rmed. Fak. (2002). <a href=\"https:\/\/d-nb.info\/967451647\/34\">https:\/\/d-nb.info\/967451647\/34<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kr\u00fcger M. \u201cEscherichia coli: Problemkeim in der Nutztierhaltung.\u201c Darmflora in Symbiose und Pathogenit\u00e4t. \u00d6kologische, physiologische und therapeutische Aspekte von Escherichia coli. 3. Interdisziplin\u00e4res Symposium. Alfred-Nissle-Gesellschaft (Ed.). Ansbach, 28.-29. Nov. (1997): 109-115.<\/p>\n<p>Liang, Y.-C., H.-J. Liu, S.-H. Chen, C.-C. Chen, L.-S. Chou, and L. H. Tsai. \u201c Effect of lipopolysaccharide on diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit in mice: Roles of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2.\u201d <em>World J Gastroenterol.<\/em> 11 no. 3 (2005): 357\u2013361. DOI: 10.3748\/wjg.v11.i3.357<\/p>\n<p>McAleer, J.P. and Vella, A.T. \u201cUnderstanding how lipopolysaccharide impacts CD4 T cell immunity.\u201d <em>Crit. Rev. Immunol. <\/em>28 no. 4 (2008): 281-299. DOI:10.1615\/CRITREVIMMUNOL.V28.I4.20<\/p>\n<p>Morkok, A., L. Backstrom, L. Lund, A.R.Smith. \u201cBacterial endotoxin in blood of dysgalactic sows in relation to microbial status of uterus, milk, and intestine.\u201d JAVMA 183 (1983): 786-789. PMID: 6629987<\/p>\n<p>Munck, L.K., A. Mertz-Nielsen, H. Westh, K. Buxhave, E. Beubler, J. Rask-Madsen. \u201cProstaglandin E2 is a mediator of 5-hydroxytryptamine induced water and electrolyte secretion in the human jejunum.\u201d <em>Gut<\/em> 29 no. 10 (1988): 1337-1341<\/p>\n<p>Pig Progress. \u201cMastitis, Metritis, Agalactia (MMA).\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pigprogress.net\/Health\/Health-Tool\/diseases\/Mastitis-metritis-agalactia-MMA\/\">https:\/\/www.pigprogress.net\/Health\/Health-Tool\/diseases\/Mastitis-metritis-agalactia-MMA\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sampath, V.P. \u201cBacterial endotoxin-lipopolysaccharide; structure, function and its role in immunity in vertebrates and invertebrates.\u201d <em>Agriculture and Natural Resources<\/em> 52 no. 2 (2018): 115-120. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anres.2018.08.002\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anres.2018.08.002<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Seidler, T. \u201cFreies Endotoxin in der Blutzirkulation von Schlachtschweinen: eine Ursache f\u00fcr bakterielle Translokationen?\u201c Diss. Universit\u00e4t Leipzig, Veterin\u00e4rmed. Fak. (1998).<\/p>\n<p>Smith, B.B. and W.C. Wagner. \u201cSuppression of prolactin in pigs by Escherichia coli endotoxin.\u201c Science 224 no. 4649 (1984): 605-607<\/p>\n<p>Wilken, H. \u201cEndotoxin-Status und antioxidative Kapazit\u00e4t sowie ausgew\u00e4hlte Stoffwechselparameter bei gesunden Milch- und Mutterk\u00fchen.\u201c Inaugural Diss. Universit\u00e4t Leipzig (2003).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by\u00a0 Dr. Inge Heinzl, EW Nutrition Impaired health status of the animals in stressful situations or an aggravation of the disease after antibiotic treatment? The culprit might be endotoxins. What are endotoxins? Origin Endotoxins, together with exotoxins, are bacterial toxins. In contrast to exotoxins, which are actively secreted by living bacteria, endotoxins (name \u201cendotoxin\u201d greek;&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":55586,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[7984,7985,304,7988],"class_list":["post-58684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general","tag-endotoxins-us","tag-lps-us","tag-mycotoxins-us","tag-stress-us"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.5 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity? - EW Nutrition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Endotoxins can cause impaired animal health in stressful situations or an aggravation of the disease after antibiotic treatment.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Endotoxins can cause impaired animal health in stressful situations or an aggravation of the disease after antibiotic treatment.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EW Nutrition\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-10-01T08:48:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-09-19T08:21:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/downward-graph-orange.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1433\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1144\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"EW Nutrition\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@EWNutritionGmbH\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@EWNutritionGmbH\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"EW Nutrition\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity? - EW Nutrition","description":"Endotoxins can cause impaired animal health in stressful situations or an aggravation of the disease after antibiotic treatment.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity?","og_description":"Endotoxins can cause impaired animal health in stressful situations or an aggravation of the disease after antibiotic treatment.","og_url":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/","og_site_name":"EW Nutrition","article_published_time":"2020-10-01T08:48:16+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-09-19T08:21:27+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1433,"height":1144,"url":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/downward-graph-orange.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"EW Nutrition","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@EWNutritionGmbH","twitter_site":"@EWNutritionGmbH","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"EW Nutrition","Est. reading time":"13 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/"},"author":{"name":"EW Nutrition","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4981d28f02cbbf22246e72ffe5066659"},"headline":"Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity?","datePublished":"2020-10-01T08:48:16+00:00","dateModified":"2022-09-19T08:21:27+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/"},"wordCount":2672,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/downward-graph-orange.png","keywords":["endotoxins","LPS","mycotoxins","stress"],"articleSection":["General"],"inLanguage":"us"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/","url":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/","name":"Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity? - EW Nutrition","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/downward-graph-orange.png","datePublished":"2020-10-01T08:48:16+00:00","dateModified":"2022-09-19T08:21:27+00:00","description":"Endotoxins can cause impaired animal health in stressful situations or an aggravation of the disease after antibiotic treatment.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"us","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"us","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/downward-graph-orange.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/downward-graph-orange.png","width":1433,"height":1144,"caption":"downward graph orange"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/are-endotoxins-behind-your-low-livestock-productivity\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/","name":"EW Nutrition","description":"Functional Innovations backed by Science","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"us"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#organization","name":"EW Nutrition GmbH","url":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"us","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"","contentUrl":"","caption":"EW Nutrition GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/EWNutritionGmbH","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/ewnutrition\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/ew-nutrition","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCIvcb19uSOJXrUecTY8n_dA"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/#\/schema\/person\/4981d28f02cbbf22246e72ffe5066659","name":"EW Nutrition","url":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/author\/ewnutrition\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58684","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=58684"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58684\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/55586"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=58684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=58684"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=58684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}