{"id":146217,"date":"2021-02-09T11:53:53","date_gmt":"2021-02-09T10:53:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/all-rounder-lutein-supports-animals-and-humans\/"},"modified":"2023-06-09T09:02:25","modified_gmt":"2023-06-09T07:02:25","slug":"all-rounder-lutein-supports-animals-and-humans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/us\/all-rounder-lutein-supports-animals-and-humans\/","title":{"rendered":"All-rounder lutein supports animals and humans"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

by\u00a0 Inge Heinzl<\/b>, Editor, EW Nutrition<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Lutein is a lipid-soluble pigment that can be found naturally in algae and plants. There, it is a component of the light-collecting complexes in the chloroplasts.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

For example, kale contains a relatively high concentration of up to 0.25mg lutein per g wet weight. <\/span>For industrial purposes, however, lutein is extracted from the petals of marigold; they contain up to 8.5mg\/g wet weight. <\/span><\/p>\n

In the animal organism, lutein occurs in the egg yolk, in milk, or the macula lutea (“yellow spot\u201d) of the animal\/human eye. However, animals and humans cannot synthesize it.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"lutein\"<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Lutein belongs to the group of carotenoids, which is divided into carotenes and xanthophylls. Lutein, chemically expressed as “3,3\u2019-dihydroxy-\u03b1-carotene”, is a xanthophyll always accompanied by its isomer zeaxanthin. It is synthesized out of two \u03b1-carotenes through hydroxylation.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Lutein provides benefits for animals and humans<\/h1>\n
\n

Due to its beneficial characteristics, lutein is an essential ingredient of plants and is used in animal nutrition as well as in human medicine.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Lutein has antioxidant protective properties<\/h2>\n

Under normal conditions, the cells in the animal and human organism control ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels. Usually, there is a balance between the generation of ROS and their elimination by scavenging systems. However, the high performance levels in modern animal production can easily lead to high ROS levels, translated into oxidative stress and leading to cell damage. Cell damage contributes to the generation of cancer and early aging in humans. In animals, the negative impact of oxidative stress can be responsible for lower performance and inferiority of meat and eggs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Antioxidants stop ROS by taking up their energy<\/h3>\n

Through the uptake of energy, molecules can get into an excited state. One example is singlet excited oxygen, a highly reactive form of oxygen able to destroy proteins, lipids, and DNA. Carotenoids can intervene in this process: by exchanging electrons, the singlet excited oxygen gets neutralized, and the carotenoid gets into this excited state with higher energy. Once able to release this energy as heat into the environment, the carotenoid gets back to its normal state and can once again start acting as an antioxidant.<\/span><\/p>\n

In this way, carotenoids, including lutein, ‘quench’ the energy of excited molecules and prevent the adverse effects of ROS (reactive oxidative substances).<\/span><\/p>\n

Antioxidant properties profitably used<\/h3>\n

The antioxidant character of lutein plays an important role in the treatment or prophylaxis of macular degeneration in humans (Landrum & Bone, 2001). There is also evidence that lutein can be used to improve the visual and retinal function in dogs (Wang et al., 2016). In the eye, lutein and zeaxanthin, occurring in the retina and the macula, neutralize free radicals produced due to the ultraviolet light and thereby prevent damage to the macula.<\/span><\/p>\n

Further possible applications are against cardiovascular diseases (Dwyer et al., 2001)\u00a0 and various types of cancer (e.g., breast cancer, Gong et al., 2018).<\/span><\/p>\n

Lutein is important in infant nutrition<\/h2>\n

Lutein and its isomer zeaxanthin are the two primary carotenoids found in human milk (Giordano and Quadro, 2018). Stringham and co-workers (2019) postulate that lutein plays an important role in children’s visual and cognitive development\/optimization. They report that a lutein supplementation of the mother can lead to a higher concentration of this substance in the milk and, consequently, in the child’s plasma (Sherry et al., 2014). In dairy cows, an increased level of lutein in the milk can also be observed (Xu et al., 2014), suggesting that lutein could also be essential in calf development.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lutein stimulates the immune system<\/h2>\n

Another benefit of lutein is its positive influence on the immune system.<\/span><\/p>\n

On the one hand, lutein stimulates the production of antibodies. In dogs, Guimar\u00e3es Alar\u00e7a et al. (2016) could show an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subtypes. Kim et al. (2000) demonstrated the increase of lymphocytes and cells expressing CD5, CD4, CD8, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules. B\u00e9d\u00e9carrats and Leeson (2006) provoked a higher secondary antibody response to infectious bronchitis vaccination in laying hens.<\/span><\/p>\n

Besides, lutein acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, as shown in vitro by Chao et al. (2015) and in broiler chickens by Moraes and team (2016).<\/span><\/p>\n

Lutein improves the attractivity of poultry products<\/h2>\n

In the marketing of poultry products, appearance and color are of central importance for evaluating quality. Egg yolk coloration is to a large extent a matter of regional preferences, however it is clear that an egg with a yolk that does not have the typical color is classified as inferior by the consumer. In areas with traditional corn growing, a white-skinned chicken is not commercially viable. Even when pullets are bought, the shanks and beaks should be yellow.<\/span><\/p>\n

The use of xanthophylls like lutein and zeaxanthin enables producers to safely control the color of the egg yolk and of the broiler skin. It also leads to a healthy color of the shanks and beaks of the birds.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lutein in a nutshell<\/h1>\n

Lutein is a true all-rounder: a substance that delivers benefits across the board. In plants, it helps fruits and petals become attractive for insects and other animals. It positively influences the animal, acting as an antioxidant, promoting infant development, and stimulating the immune system. As a pigment, it makes poultry and poultry products look more attractive to the consumer. Through its presence in eggs and milk, lutein provides clear and clean benefits to both animals and humans.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References<\/h5>\n

B\u00e9d\u00e9carrats, G.Y. and S. Leeson. \u201cDietary lutein influences immune response in laying hens.\u201d \u00a0J. Appl. Poult. Res.<\/em> 15 (2006): 183\u2013189.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/japr\/15.2.183<\/a><\/p>\n

Chao, Shih-Chun, Tommaso Vagaggini, Chan-Wei Nien, Sheng-Chieh Huang, and Hung-Yu Lin. \u201cEffects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin on LPS-Induced Secretion of IL-8 by Uveal Melanocytes and Relevant Signal Pathways.\u201d Journal of Ophtalmology, <\/em>vol. 2015 Article ID 152854 (2015): 7 pages. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/152854<\/a><\/p>\n

Dwyer, James H., Mohamad Navab, Kathleen M. Dwyer, Kholood Hassan, Ping Sun, Anne Shircore, Susan Hama-Levy, Greg Hough, Xuping Wang, Thomas Drake, C. Noel Bairey Merz, and Alan M. Fogelman. \u201cOxygenated Carotenoid Lutein and Progression of Early Atherosclerosis.\u201d Circulation (American Heart Association)<\/em> 103, no. 24 (2001): 2922-2927.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.CIR.103.24.2922<\/a><\/p>\n

Gong, Xiaoming, Joshua R. Smith, Haley M. Swanson, and Lewis P. Rubin. \u201cCarotenoid Lutein Selectively Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Potentiates the Effect of Chemotherapeutic Agents through ROS-Mediated Mechanisms.\u201d Molecules<\/em> 23 no. 4(2018): 905.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23040905<\/a><\/p>\n

Guimar\u00e3es Alar\u00e7a, La\u00eds, Fabiane Yukiko Murakami, Ananda Portella F\u00e9lix, Everton Luis Krabbe, Simone Gisele de Oliveira, Sebasti\u00e3o Aparecido Borges da Silva. \u201cDietary lutein supplementation on diet digestibility and blood parameters of dogs.\u201d Cienc. Rural<\/em> 46 no.12 (2016)<\/p>\n

http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-8478cr20151493<\/a><\/p>\n

Kim, Hong Wook, Boon Chew, Teri Ann S Wong, Jean Soon Park, Bor-Chun Weng, Katherine M Byrne, Michael G Hayek, and Gregory A. Reinhart. \u201cDietary lutein stimulates immune response in the canine.\u201d Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology<\/em> 74 no. 3-4 (2000): 315-327.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-2427(00)00180-X<\/a><\/p>\n

Landrum, J. T. and R.A. Bone. \u201cLutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment.\u201d Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics<\/em> 385 no. 1 (2001): 28\u201340.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/abbi.2000.2171<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Moraes, M. L., A. M. L. Ribeiro, E. Santin, and K. C. Klasing. \u201cImmunology, health, and disease: effects of conjugated linoleic acid and lutein on the growth performance and immune response of broiler chickens.\u201d Poultry Science<\/em> 95 (2016): 237\u2013246.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pev325<\/a><\/p>\n

Ochoa Becerra, Mario, Luis Mojica Contrerasa, Ming Hsieh Loa, Juan Mateos D\u00edaz, Gustavo Castillo Herrera. \u201cLutein as a functional food ingredient: Stability and bioavailability.\u201d Journal of Functional Foods<\/em> 66 (2020): 103771.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103771<\/a><\/p>\n

Sherry, Christina L., \u00a0Jeffery S. Oliver, Lisa M. Renzi, and Barbara J. Marriage. \u201cLutein supplementation increases breast milk and plasma lutein concentrations in lactating women and infant plasma \u00a0concentrations but does not affect other carotenoids.\u201d J. Nutr.<\/em> 144 (2014): 1256\u20131263.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.114.192914<\/a><\/p>\n

Stringham, James M., Elizabeth J Johnson, and B Randy Hammond. \u201cLutein across the lifespan: From childhood cognitive performance to the aging eye and brain.\u201d Curr Dev Nutr <\/em>3 (2019): nzz066.<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1093\/cdn\/nzz066<\/a><\/p>\n

Wang, Wei, Jerome Hernandez, Cecil Moore, Janet Jackson, and Kristina Narfstr\u00f6m. \u201cAntioxidant supplementation increases retinal responses and decreases refractive error changes in dogs.\u201d J. Nutr. Sci. <\/em>5 e18 (2016): 7 pages<\/p>\n

http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/jns.2016.5<\/a><\/p>\n

Xu, C.Z., H. F. Wang, J. Y. Yang, J. H. Wang, Z. Y. Duan, C. Wang, J. X. Liu , and Y. Lao. \u201c Effects of feeding lutein on production performance, antioxidative status, and milk quality of high-yielding dairy cows.\u201d J. Dairy Sci.<\/em> 97; \u00a0American Dairy Science Association (2014):7144\u20137150<\/p>\n

http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2014-8276<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by\u00a0 Inge Heinzl, Editor, EW Nutrition Lutein is a lipid-soluble pigment that can be found naturally in algae and plants. There, it is a component of the light-collecting complexes in the chloroplasts. For example, kale contains a relatively high concentration of up to 0.25mg lutein per g wet weight. 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