{"id":76305,"date":"2021-06-18T09:11:29","date_gmt":"2021-06-18T07:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/methane-emissions-dairy\/"},"modified":"2023-06-09T09:10:00","modified_gmt":"2023-06-09T07:10:00","slug":"methane-emissions-dairy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/en-uk\/methane-emissions-dairy\/","title":{"rendered":"How to reduce methane emissions in dairy cows: phytogenic solutions"},"content":{"rendered":"

by Technical Team, EW Nutrition<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The world demand for milk has seen a sharp rise. Today, we have just over 1 billion dairy cows in the world producing about 1.6 billion tons of milk per year. However, OECD and FAO<\/a> estimate that numbers will rise up to 1.5 billion dairy cows in 2028, for a total milk production of 2 billion tons . This increase will come at a tremendous cost in terms of global warming: Each day, dairy cows can produce 250 to 500 litres of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas (Johnson and Johnson, 1995<\/a>).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Dairy<\/p>\n

Climate change is not the only reason for zootechnical production to adopt methane reduction strategies. Methane emissions represent an important energy loss for dairy cows, which negatively impacts production performance. In this article, we review why methanogenesis in dairy cows arises, and how the use of phytogenic product Activo Premium can help achieve efficient energy use and reduced climate impact.<\/p>\n

Less methane: environmental, regulatory, and business pressures<\/h1>\n

Methane (CH4<\/sub>) is considered one of the gases that, together with CO2<\/sub> (carbon dioxide) and N2<\/sub>O (nitrous oxide), traps heat in the atmosphere and, thus, causes global warming. While methane is generated in multiple industries, including the energy and waste sectors, much of the methane present in the atmosphere derives from livestock activities and, in particular, from ruminant farms.<\/p>\n

About 28% of total methane emissions derive from agriculture sector and enteric fermentations (digestive processes in which feed is broken down by microorganisms) are responsible for about 65% of the total methane coming from zootechnical sector (Knapp et al., 2014<\/a>). For this reason, in recent years, strategies for mitigating methane emissions in dairy cows have aroused great interest among researchers and environmentally-conscious consumers.<\/p>\n

Regulators have also caught on: In October 2020, the European Commission presented its strategy for reducing methane emissions<\/a> in Europe. Reductions are essential to achieve the Commission\u2019s climate objectives for 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050. For the livestock sector, the Commission seeks to develop an inventory of innovative mitigating practices by the end of 2021, with a special focus on methane from enteric fermentation.<\/p>\n

Uptake of mitigation technologies will be promoted though Member States\u2019 and the Common Agricultural Policy\u2019s \u201ccarbon farming\u201d measures. Carbon-balance calculations at farm level are to be encouraged through digital tools; and the Horizon Europe strategic plan 2021-2024 will likely include targeted research on effective reduction strategies, focusing on technology, dietary factors, and nature-based solutions such as phytogenic products.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Even aside from environmental concerns, consumers demands, and regulatory steps, there is a critical business case for dairy producers to lower methane emissions. Given the ever-increasing global demand for dairy products, farmers and other operators in the sector more than ever try to maintain and indeed improve production to maximize yields, both economically and in terms of finished products. Problematically, methane production in the rumen represents a great loss of energy for the animal.<\/p>\n

On average, about 6% of the total energy ingested by a dairy cow is transformed into methane, every single day (Succi and Hoffmann, 1993). The less methane a cow produces, the more metabolizable energy (ME) she gets out of her gross energy (GE) intake. A better ME\/GE ratio translates into higher net energy of lactation (NEl). Energy losses from methanogenesis thus directly decrease the energy nutritionist can consider as usable during rationing.<\/p>\n

Before we review the current research on how an adequate manipulation of the diet and of the rumen environment can mitigate these energy losses, we need to ask ourselves, why is methane formed in the rumen at all?<\/p>\n

Animal physiology: how methane is formed in the rumen<\/h2>\n

Ruminants<\/a>\u2019 digestion of vegetal ingredients is linked to their rumen\u2019s symbiotic bacterial, protozoan, and fungal flora. This microbiota has all the enzymatic properties necessary for the digestion (or rather pre-digestion) of ingested forage, including some cellulose fractions that monogastric animals cannot use.<\/p>\n

In the rumen, the main products deriving from bacterial fermentation are volatile fatty acids and methane. The main volatile fatty acids are acetic acid, propionic and butyric acid, which are mainly absorbed and used by the animal. Meanwhile, methane helps to maintain the oxidative conditions in the rumen\u2019 anaerobic environment, but also represents an energy loss (Czerkawski, 1988<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Methanogenesis is carried out by methanogenic bacteria and archae<\/em> in the rumen (Guglielmelli, 2009<\/a>). They use molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide as a substrate for the synthesis of methane, according to the following equation:<\/p>\n

4 H2<\/sub> + CO2<\/sub> \u2192 CH4<\/sub> + 2 H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n

A few other chemical reactions contribute to methanogenesis, but they all have one thing in common: they require hydrogen ions in the rumen fluid to form methane from CO2<\/sub>. This gives us the first \u201cpoint of attack\u201d for reducing methane formation: the diet.<\/p>\n

Increase the share of propionic acid<\/h3>\n

Propionic acid is in competition with methanogens in using hydrogen ions to reduce glucose molecules:<\/p>\n

C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6 <\/sub>(glucose) + 4 H \u2192 2 C3<\/sub>H6<\/sub>O2<\/sub> (propionic) + 2 H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n

It is clear that if propionic fermentations are stimulated through the diet at the expense of the pathways leading to acetate and butyrate (where hydrogen ions are transferred to the rumen environment), the availability of hydrogen for the reduction of CO2<\/sub> by methanogenic bacteria decreases.<\/p>\n

Diets with a high level of concentrates, and low levels of neutral detergent fibre, yield more propionic acid and less acetic and butyric acid. Set aside lower methane emissions, this increase in energy is desirable during peak lactation: the energy gap that follows from the decrease in ingestion by the animal requires diets with a high amount of substrate for gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, the greater production of propionate sequesters H2<\/sub> in the rumen environment and, consequently, less CO2<\/sub> is reduced to methane.<\/p>\n

Optimize the protozoa count<\/h3>\n

Most methane-producing bacteria live in symbiosis with most of the protozoan species, they are located on the surface of the protozoan. It follows that optimizing the population of protozoa present in the rumen (through dietary measures) leads to a lower methanogenesis (Patra and Saxena, 2010<\/a>). Naturally, a minimum amount of protozoa must be maintained to avoid excessively reducing ruminal motility (regular contractions that mix and move the rumen content), which is important for feed digestibility.<\/p>\n

Diet is not enough: feed additives to reduce methane production<\/h1>\n

Dietary measures alone cannot considerably reduce daily methane production. In the past, antibiotic growth promoters belonging to the ionophores family were commonly administered in the EU. These antibiotics increase efficiency and daily weight gain by promoting gluconeogenesis through greater production of propionic acid in the rumen and a consequent reduction in emitted methane (Piva et al., 2014<\/a>).<\/p>\n

The emergence of bacterial forms resistant to growth-promoting antibiotics have forced the EU to ban these molecules to safeguard consumer health. Fortunately, certain feed additives can also help reduce methanogenesis and generate energy saving \u2013 without the danger of resistance.<\/p>\n

Secondary plant extracts or phytomolecules feature relevant properties, including bactericidal, virucide, and fungicide effects. As we have seen, it is critical to encourage certain fermentations at the expense of others and possibly reduce the organisms directly and indirectly responsible (bacteria and protozoa) for methanogenic fermentations.<\/p>\n

Activo Premium: reduce methane and preserve energy<\/h2>\n

Phytogenic product Activo Premium contains a targeted phytomolecules mix capable of influencing the rumen microbiome in this manner:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1: Anti-methanogenic properties of selected phytomolecules.\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Based on Lourenc\u0327o et al. (2008)<\/a> and Supapong et al. (2017) <\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Activo Premium is a blend of phytomolecules that maximizes production results for both high- and low-energy diets. Studies show that Activo Premium\u2019s effects on the on the rumen microbiome reduce the ratio of acetic to propionic and butyric acid and decrease the energy losses due to methane production.<\/p>\n

Field trial: Activo Premium improves rumen fermentation processes<\/h3>\n

A trial at the University of S\u00e3o Paul, Brazil, sought to evaluate the impact of Activo Premium on rumen fermentation and methane emissions. Nine rumen-cannulated sheep (55 \u00b1 3.7 kg of body weight) were divided into 3 groups, and randomly distributed in a triple 3\u00d73 Latin square design. The animals were fed their experimental diets for 22 days (the sampling period) in the following 3 set-ups: one control group (basal diet without additives); one group receiving a basal diet with 200 mg of Activo Premium per kg of dry matter intake; and one group receiving a basal diet with 400 mg of Activo Premium per kg of dry matter intake.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 2: Ratio of acetate to propionate (p = 0.03)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 3: Protozoa count (p = 0.06; x 105<\/sup> \/ ml) and methane production (p < 0.01; l per kg of dry matter).\u00a0<\/span><\/em>Based on Soltan et al. (2018<\/a>)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

As shown in figures 2 and 3, Activo Premium<\/a> favourably modifies the ratio of volatile fatty acids and reduces the protozoa count, which, as to be expected, results in reduced methane emissions.<\/p>\n

Rumen simulation trial: the more Activo Premium added, the less methane produced<\/h3>\n

A trial was conducted at the University of Hohenheim (Germany) sought to evaluate the methane-reducing effects of different inclusion rates of Activo Premium, using a continuous long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Four different inclusion levels of Activo Premium (0, 2.1, 4.2, and 8.4 mg\/d) were added to a diet with a ratio of concentrates to roughages of 80% to 20%, respectively.<\/p>\n

Five consecutive Rusitec runs with one replication of each of the four inclusion schedules were performed. The run lasted for 14 days; 7 days were used for adaptation and the later 7 days for sampling. The fermenters were heated to 39\u00b0C. During the sampling period, total gas production and methane concentration of the total gas produced were measured every 24 h.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 4: Methane emission (ml \/ day) for increasing inclusion rates of Activo Premium<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

In this trial with a rumen simulation system, Activo Premium significantly reduced methane volume (Figure 4): from 231 ml\/d for the diet without any Activo Premium to 172 ml\/d for the highest inclusion rate of Activo Premium.<\/p>\n

Activo Premium: reduce methane emissions, support your profits and our planet<\/h2>\n

Both in vivo<\/em> and in vitro<\/em> trials have shown with high statistical reliability that Activo Premium can positively modulate rumen fermentations. The strategic combination of phytomolecules appears highly effective as a natural dietary supplementation option to modulate ruminal fermentation and decrease methane emissions. Adding Activo Premium to dairy cows\u2019 diet will likely contribute significantly to reducing their methane emissions and optimizing their energy balance \u2013 improving animal performance<\/a> while curbing the climate change impact, a win-win for everyone.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References<\/h5>\n

Czerkawski, J. W. \u201cEffect of Linseed Oil Fatty Acids and Linseed Oil on Rumen Fermentation in Sheep.\u201d The Journal of Agricultural Science<\/em> 81, no. 3 (1973): 517\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0021859600086573<\/a><\/p>\n

Guglielmelli, Antonietta (2009) Studio sulla produzione di metano nei ruminanti: valutazione in vitro di alimenti e diete. [Tesi di dottorato] (Unpublished) http:\/\/www.fedoa.unina.it\/3960\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Johnson, D.E., and K.A. Johnson. \u201cMethane Emissions from Cattle.\u201d Journal of Animal Science<\/em> 73, no. 8 (August 1995): 2483\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/1995.7382483x<\/a><\/p>\n

Knapp, J.R., G.L. Laur, P.A. Vadas, W.P. Weiss, and J.M. Tricarico. \u201cInvited Review: Enteric Methane in Dairy Cattle Production: Quantifying the Opportunities and Impact of Reducing Emissions.\u201d Journal of Dairy Science<\/em> 97, no. 6 (2014): 3231\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2013-7234<\/a><\/p>\n

Lourenc\u0327o M., P. W. Cardozo, S. Calsamiglia, and V. Fievez. \u201cEffects of Saponins, Quercetin, Eugenol, and Cinnamaldehyde on Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation of Forage Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Dual-Flow Continuous Culture fermenters1.\u201d Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 3045\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas.2007-0708<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Patra, Amlan K., and Jyotisna Saxena. \u201cA New Perspective on the Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Inhibit Methanogenesis in the Rumen.\u201d Phytochemistry 71, no. 11-12 (August 2010): 1198\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.05.010<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Piva, Jonatas Thiago, Jeferson Dieckow, Cim\u00e9lio Bayer, Josil\u00e9ia Acordi Zanatta, Anibal de Moraes, Michely Tomazi, Volnei Pauletti, Gabriel Barth, and Marisa de Piccolo. \u201cSoil Gaseous N2O and CH4 Emissions and Carbon Pool Due to Integrated Crop-Livestock in a Subtropical Ferralsol.\u201d Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment<\/em> 190 (2014): 87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2013.09.008<\/a><\/p>\n

Soltan, Y.A., A.S. Natel, R.C. Araujo, A.S. Morsy, and A.L. Abdalla. \u201cProgressive Adaptation of Sheep to a Microencapsulated Blend of Essential Oils: Ruminal Fermentation, Methane Emission, Nutrient Digestibility, and Microbial Protein Synthesis.\u201d Animal Feed Science and Technology 237 (March 2018): 8\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.004<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Supapong, C., A. Cherdthong, A. Seankamsorn, B. Khonkhaeng, M. Wanapat, S. Uriyapongson, N. Gunun, P. Gunun, P. Chanjula, and S. Polyorach. \u201cIn Vitro<\/em> Fermentation, Digestibility and Methane Production as Influenced by Delonix Regia<\/em> Seed Meal Containing Tannins and Saponins.\u201d Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences<\/em> 26, no. 2 (2017): 123\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22358\/jafs\/73890\/2017<\/a><\/p>\n

Succi, Giuseppe, and Inge Hoffmann. La Vacca Da Latte<\/em>. Milano: Citta\u0301 Studi, 1993.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

by Technical Team, EW Nutrition   The world demand for milk has seen a sharp rise. Today, we have just over 1 billion dairy cows in the world producing about 1.6 billion tons of milk per year. However, OECD and FAO estimate that numbers will rise up to 1.5 billion dairy cows in 2028, for…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":74554,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8026,8667,8025],"tags":[8980],"class_list":["post-76305","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dairy-cows-en-uk","category-emissions-en-uk","category-ruminants-en-uk","tag-ruminants-en-uk"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow to reduce methane emissions in dairy cows: phytogenic solutions - EW Nutrition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Phytogenic feed additives reduce dairy cows\u2019 methane emissions, lower energy losses for the animals, and lower the environmental impact.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/en-uk\/methane-emissions-dairy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to reduce methane emissions in dairy cows: phytogenic solutions\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Phytogenic feed additives reduce dairy cows\u2019 methane emissions, lower energy losses for the animals, and lower the environmental impact.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/en-uk\/methane-emissions-dairy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EW Nutrition\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-06-18T07:11:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-06-09T07:10:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/articles\/featured-images\/780099_51432607_sxc.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1469\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"976\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"EW Nutrition\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@EWNutritionGmbH\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@EWNutritionGmbH\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"EW Nutrition\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How to reduce methane emissions in dairy cows: phytogenic solutions - 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