{"id":219323,"date":"2024-08-01T07:49:22","date_gmt":"2024-08-01T05:49:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/mycotoxins-poultry-external-signs-give-hint\/"},"modified":"2025-08-06T15:36:44","modified_gmt":"2025-08-06T13:36:44","slug":"mycotoxins-poultry-external-signs-give-hint","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/en-uk\/mycotoxins-poultry-external-signs-give-hint\/","title":{"rendered":"Mycotoxins in poultry \u2013 External signs can give a hint"},"content":{"rendered":"

Part 4: Paleness<\/h4>\n

By Dr. Inge Heinzl, Editor and Technical Team, EW Nutrition<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

We already showed bad feathering, mouth and beak lesions, bone issues, and foot pad lesions as signs of mycotoxin contamination in the feed, but there is another indicator: paleness. Paleness can signify a low count of red blood cells resulting from blood loss or inadequate production of these cells. Other possibilities are higher bilirubin levels in the blood due to an impaired liver, leading to jaundice or missing pigmentation.<\/p>\n

\"Hen
Hen with pale comb and wattles (adapted from Bozzo et al., 2023)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The mycotoxins mainly causing anemia are Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin, DON, and T-2 toxin<\/h2>\n

Anemia can be diagnosed using parameters such as red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit\/packed cell volume (PCV). Numerous studies have examined the impact of mycotoxins on hematological parameters. They reveal their propensity to affect red blood cell production by impairing the function of the spleen and inducing hematological alterations. On the other hand, anemia can be caused by blood loss. Due to affecting coagulation factors, mycotoxins can lead to internal hemorrhages. The gut wall damage, probably due to secondary infections such as coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis, can entail bloody diarrhea in various animal species.<\/p>\n

Impact on the production of blood cells<\/h3>\n

Low values of blood parameters such as red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit can result from inadequate production due to impacted production organs. The World Health Organization (WHO, 1990<\/a><\/span>) and European Commission (European Commission, 2001<\/a><\/span>) have identified hematopoietic tissues as targets for necrosis caused by T-2 toxin. Chu (2003) even stated that \u201cthe major lesion of T-2 toxin is its devastating effect on the hematopoietic system in many mammals, including humans\u201d. Pande et al. (2006)<\/a><\/span> suggested that reduced hemoglobin values result from decreased protein synthesis due to mycotoxin contamination, a notion supported by Pronk et al. (2002)<\/a><\/span>, who described trichothecenes as potent inhibitors of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, particularly affecting tissues with high cell division rates. Additionally, the European Commission (2001)<\/a><\/span> highlighted the sensitivity of red blood cell progenitor cells (in this trial, the cells of mice, rats, and humans) to the toxic effects of T-2 and HT-toxins. DAS also seems to attack the hematopoietic system, as shown in humans (WHO, 1990<\/a><\/span>). A further cause for anemia might be low feed intake or nutrient absorption, which inhibits adequate iron absorption and leads to iron deficiency. In their case report, Bozzo et al. (2023)<\/a><\/span> assumed that renal failure and a resulting impaired excretion capacity caused by OTA might even increase the half-life of the toxins. This would enhance their effects on their target organs, such as the liver and bone marrow, and lead to anemia.<\/p>\n

Several studies utilizing different animal species and mycotoxin dosages have been conducted to assess the effects of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin, and T-2 Toxin on hematological parameters. The following table provides a summary of some of these studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Animal species<\/td>\nDosage<\/td>\nImpact<\/td>\nReference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T-2 Toxin and other Trichothecenes<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\nT-2 – 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg T-2 toxin\/kg<\/p>\n

n=30 per group<\/td>\n

Significant reduction in hemoglobin at 1, 2, and 4 ppm; PCV significantly reduced at 4 ppm<\/td>\nPande et al., 2006<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\nT-2 – 0 and 4 mg\/kg diet<\/p>\n

n=60 per group<\/td>\n

Decrease in hemoglobin,\u00a0mean corpuscular volume, and mean\u00a0corpuscular hemoglobin concentration<\/td>\nKubena et al., 1989a<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n4, 16, 50, 100, 300 ppm for seven days<\/p>\n

n=5-20 chickens per group<\/td>\n

Anemia; significant reduction of hematocrit (50 and 100 ppm); survivors had atrophied lymphoid organs and were anemic<\/td>\nHoerr et al., 1982<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yangzhou goslings<\/td>\n0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0 mg\/kg; n=6 per group<\/td>\nRed blood cell count decreased in the 2.0 mg\/kg group along with an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p<0.05) and reduced mean platelet volume (P<0.05)<\/td>\nGu et al., 2023<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n2 ppm; 32 birds per group<\/td>\nAnemia, as indicated by significantly (P<0.05) lower total erythrocyte count (TEC) values, lower hemoglobin levels, and packed cell volume; additional thrombocytopenia could be the cause of bleeding<\/td>\nYohannes et al., 2013<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DON<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n5 and 15 mg\/kg of feed for 42 days<\/td>\nDecrease in erythrocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) at 15 mg\/kg; decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin at both levels of DON.<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

Riahi, 2021<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Piglets<\/td>\n0.6 mg\/kg and 2.0 mg\/kg<\/td>\nSignificant decrease in mean corpuscular volume<\/td>\nModr\u00e1 et al., 2013<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n16 mg\/kg diet<\/p>\n

n=60 per group<\/td>\n

Significant decrease in mean corpuscular volume<\/td>\nKubena et al., 1989<\/a><\/span>c<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ochratoxin<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n2 mg\/kg diet singly or combined with<\/p>\n

DAS 6 mg\/kg<\/td>\n

Reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin values<\/td>\nKubena et al., 1994<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n2 mg\/kg diet<\/td>\nSignificant decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration<\/td>\nKubena et al., 1989<\/a><\/span>b<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aflatoxins<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n2.5 \u00b5g\/g<\/td>\nDecrease in red blood cell count<\/td>\nHuff et al., 1988<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n\u22651.25 \u00b5g\/g<\/td>\nSignificant decrease in hemoglobin and erythrocyte count<\/td>\nTung et al., 1975<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AFB1 + OTA<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Laying hens<\/td>\nNatural feed contamination OTA \u2013 31 \u00b1 3.08 \u00b5g\/kg and<\/p>\n

AFB1 \u2013 5.6 \u00b1 0.33 \u00b5g\/kg dry weight<\/td>\n

Anemia signs (pale appearance of combs and wattles), evidenced by the discoloration of the content of the femoral medullary cavity.<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

Bozzo et al., 2023<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 1: The effects of different mycotoxins on hematological parameters \u2013 hematopoiesis<\/span><\/p>\n

In their meta-analysis, Andretta et al. (2012)<\/a><\/span> reported that the presence of mycotoxins in broiler diets decreased the hematocrit and the hemoglobin concentration by 5% and 15%, and aflatoxin alone decreased the parameters by 6% and 20%.<\/p>\n

It should be evident that a simultaneous occurrence of several mycotoxins even aggravates the situation. In an experiment involving Sprague Dawley rats, administering T-2, DON, NIV, ZEA, NEO, and OTB decreased hematocrit and red blood cell counts across all mycotoxins. However, for DON, NIV, ZEN, and OTB, red blood cell values showed partial recovery after 24 hours (Chattopadhyay, 2013<\/a><\/span>). Perhaps the organism learns to cope with the mycotoxins.<\/p>\n

The examples show that Trichothecenes, such as T-2 toxin, DON, and others, as well as Ochratoxins and Aflatoxins, impact blood parameters such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and mean corpuscular volume. All these changes might lead to paleness of the skin and birds\u2019 feet and combs.<\/p>\n

Blood loss caused by bleeding or destruction of erythrocytes<\/h3>\n

The second possibility for anemia is blood loss due to injuries or lesions. In addition to directly causing hemorrhages, mycotoxins can promote secondary infections such as coccidiosis, which damages the gut and may produce bloody feces.<\/p>\n

Parent-Massin (2004)<\/a><\/span> e.g. reports on rapidly progressing coagulation problems after the ingestion of trichothecenes leading to septicemia and massive hemorrhages. Table 2 shows more examples of mycotoxins causing paleness due to blood loss.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Animal species<\/td>\nDosage<\/td>\nImpact<\/td>\nReference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T-2 Toxin and other Trichothecenes<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cats<\/td>\nT-2 toxin – 0.06-0.1 mg\/kg body weight\/day<\/td>\nBloody feces, hemorrhages<\/td>\nLutsky et al., 1978<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cats<\/td>\nT-2 toxin – 0.08 mg\/kg BW every 48 h until death<\/td>\nBloody feces<\/td>\nLutzky and Mor, 1981<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pigeon<\/td>\nDAS in oat, sifting<\/td>\nEmesis and bloody stools<\/td>\nSzathmary (1983)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Calves<\/td>\n0.08, 0.16, 0.32, or 0.6 mg\/kg BW per day for 30 days; 1 calf per treatment<\/td>\nBloody feces at doses \u22650.32 mg\/kg BW per day<\/td>\nPier et al., 1976<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ochratoxin<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rats<\/td>\nSingle dosages of 0, 17, or 22 mg\/kg BW in 0.1 Mol\/L NaHCO3<\/sub>, gavage<\/td>\nMultifocal hemorrhages in many organs<\/td>\nAlbassam et al., 1987<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
DON<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n0, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, and 1120 mg\/kg body weight<\/td>\nEcchymotic hemorrhages throughout the intestinal tract, liver, and musculature; relationship to hemorrhagic anemia syndrome seems warranted<\/td>\nHuff et al., 1981<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sterigmatocystin (ST)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10-12-day old chicks (93-101 g)<\/td>\n10 and 14 mg\/kg BW intraperitoneal<\/td>\nHemorrhages and foci of necrosis in the liver<\/td>\nSreemannarayana et al., 1987<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aflatoxins<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broiler chickens<\/td>\n100 \u00b5g\/kg feed<\/td>\nHemorrhages in the liver<\/td>\nAbdel-Sattar, 2019<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Turkeys<\/td>\n500 and 1000 ppb in the diet<\/td>\nBloody diarrhea, spleens with hemorrhages, petechial hemorrhages in the small intestine<\/td>\nGiambrone et al., 1984<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n0, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg\/kg of diet combined with Infectious Bursal Disease<\/td>\nSlight hemorrhages in the skeletal muscles; decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin due to hemolytic anemia.<\/td>\nChang and Hamilton, 1981<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Broilers<\/td>\n0, 1, and 2 mg AFB1\/kg of diet<\/td>\nDownregulation of the genes involved in blood coagulation (coagulation factor IX and X) and upregulation of anticoagulant protein C precursor, an inactivator of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa, and antithrombin-III precursor with 2 mg\/kg<\/td>\nYarru, 2009<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pigs<\/td>\n1-4 mg\/kg, 4 weeks<\/p>\n

0.4-0.8 mg\/kg, 10 weeks<\/td>\n

Hemorrhages<\/td>\nHenry et al., 2001<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 2: The effects of different mycotoxins on hematological parameters \u2013 blood loss<\/span><\/p>\n

Poor pigmentation<\/h2>\n

The fourth reason for paleness can be inadequate pigmentation. According to Hy Line (2021)<\/a><\/span>, the so-called pale bird syndrome is characterized by poor skin and egg yolk pigmentation and is caused by reduced absorption of fat and carotenoid pigments in compromised birds. This is also the case when the diets contain pigment supplements. Tyczkowski and Hamilton (1986)<\/a><\/span> observed in their experiment with chickens exposed to doses of 1-8 \u00b5g of Aflatoxins\/g of diet for three weeks that aflatoxins can cause poor pigmentation in chickens, probably by impairing carotenoids absorption but also transport and deposition. Osborne et al. (1982)<\/a><\/span> asserted that carotenoids were significantly (P<0.05) depressed by 2 ppm ochratoxin as well as by 2.5 ppm aflatoxin in the diet.<\/p>\n

Another possibility is oxidative stress due to the mycotoxin challenge. As pigments also serve as antioxidants, they may be expended for this purpose and are no longer available for pigmentation.<\/p>\n

Paleness in poultry \u2013 a reason to think about mycotoxins<\/h2>\n

Paleness can have different causes, some of which are influenced by mycotoxins. If your chickens or hens are pale, checking the feed concerning mycotoxins is always recommended. A feed analysis can give information about possible contamination (see our tool MasterRisk<\/a><\/span>).<\/p>\n

In the case of contamination, effective products binding the mycotoxins and mitigating the adverse effects of these harmful substances can help protect your birds. As paleness is usually not the only effect of mycotoxins but also a decrease in growth, toxin binders can help maintain the performance of your animals.<\/p>\n

References:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Albassam, M. A., S. I. Yong, R. Bhatnagar, A. K. Sharma, and M. G. Prior. \u201cHistopathologic and Electron Microscopic Studies on the Acute Toxicity of Ochratoxin a in Rats.\u201d Veterinary Pathology<\/em> 24, no. 5 (September 1987): 427\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030098588702400510.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Szathmary, C.I. \u201cTrichothecene Toxicoses and Natural Occurrence in Hungary.\u201d Essay. In Ueno, Y: Developments in Food Science IV. Trichothecenes<\/em>, 229\u201350. New York: Elsevier, 1983.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tung, Hsi-Tang, F.W. Cook, R.D. Wyatt, and P.B. Hamilton. \u201cThe Anemia Caused by Aflatoxin.\u201d Poultry Science<\/em> 54, no. 6 (November 1975): 1962\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.0541962.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyczkowski, Juliusz K., and Pat B. Hamilton. \u201cAltered Metabolism of Carotenoids during Aflatoxicosis in Young Chickens,\u201d Poultry Science<\/em> 66, no. 7 (July 1987): 1184\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps.0661184.<\/span><\/p>\n

WHO. \u201cSelected Mycotoxins\u202f: Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Ergot \/ Published under the Joint Sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation and the World Health Organization.\u201d World Health Organization, January 1, 1990. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/39552.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yohannes, T., A. K. Sharma, S. D. Singh, and V. Sumi. \u201cExperimental Haematobiochemical Alterations in Broiler Chickens Fed with T-2 Toxin and Co-Infected with IBV.\u201d Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine<\/em> 03, no. 05 (2013): 252\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojvm.2013.35040.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Part 4: Paleness By Dr. Inge Heinzl, Editor and Technical Team, EW Nutrition We already showed bad feathering, mouth and beak lesions, bone issues, and foot pad lesions as signs of mycotoxin contamination in the feed, but there is another indicator: paleness. Paleness can signify a low count of red blood cells resulting from blood…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":218709,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8062,7669,8593,8353,8032,8802,7700,8030,8781],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-219323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-breeder-en-uk","category-broiler-en-uk","category-feed-toxins-en-uk","category-layer-en-uk","category-mastersorb-en-uk","category-mycotoxins-en-uk-2","category-nutrition-en-uk","category-poultry-en-uk","category-solis-en-uk"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMycotoxins in poultry \u2013 External signs can give a hint - EW Nutrition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ew-nutrition.com\/en-uk\/mycotoxins-poultry-external-signs-give-hint\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mycotoxins in poultry \u2013 External signs can give a hint\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Part 4: Paleness By Dr. Inge Heinzl, Editor and Technical Team, EW Nutrition We already showed bad feathering, mouth and beak lesions, bone issues, and foot pad lesions as signs of mycotoxin contamination in the feed, but there is another indicator: paleness. 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